ABSTRACT
This chapter presents two additional areas of technical problems in which flexibility analyses may be beneficial. Coal- and biomass-based polygeneration processes with multiple products, such as electricity, liquid fuels, and chemicals, have been proposed recently as an alternative. Biological organisms, by their nature, will mutate, which may alter the biochemistry of the bioreaction or the physical properties of the organism. The design of membrane cascades has been studied extensively in the past. Various types of membranes have been used in a cascade scheme for applications ranging from microfiltration to reverse osmosis. The PID controller settings can be estimated with a number of alternative techniques, for example, the direct synthesis (DS) method, the internal model control (IMC) method, and the controller tuning relations. The intended function of installing a PID controller is to ensure that the closed-loop system has the desired system dynamics and steady-state response characteristics. Ideally, the closed-loop system should meet the performance criteria that it must be stable.
