ABSTRACT
The nanomaterials produced by bottom-up approach are in a state closer to a thermodynamic equilibrium state. The sol-gel method is one of the most attractive and versatile methods to synthesize nanomaterials at low temperature and low cost. Combustion synthesis or self-propagating high-temperature synthesis is an effective, and low-cost method for production of various industrially useful materials. Electron-beam lithography utilizes an accelerated electron-beam focusing over a surface coated with a radiation-sensitive polymeric material. Photolithography is the most widely used technique in microelectronic fabrication, particularly for mass production of integrated circuit. The scanning probe lithography-based nanofabrication involves two basic technologies: atomic force microscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy. Soft lithography is developed as an alternative to photolithography and a replication technology for both micro- and nanofabrication. Uniform and size-controlled nanoparticles of metal, semiconductor, and metal oxides can be produced by the water-in-oil microemulsion method.
