ABSTRACT
The Design-based survey sampling was scientifically founded essentially by J. Neyman. In this a finite population of labels standing for tangible individuals, with associated real numbers which are unknown to begin with and mutually supposed to bear no relationships to one another. This chapter discusses Bayesian approach of 'borrowing strength' in the small area estimation context. In case of sampling finite populations also bootstrap samples may be generated and put to suitable uses though no strong theoretical justifications for them are known to have been established and many results have yet remained heuristic. 'Kriging' relates to random variables, taking real values of characteristics of living creatures that are ecological or of fossiled features of those that are dead and gone and buried under the earth, like iron ores or rocks that may turn into fuels that are located in various sites.
