ABSTRACT
Energy analyzers of electrically charged particles are instruments that employ electric fields or magnetic fields or both to resolve electrically charged particles in accordance with their kinetic energies. Energy resolution is the ability to differentiate ions with small differences in their energies. Energy analyzers with dispersive or retarding properties can work as monochromators to select charged particles with a particular energy. However, for continuous recording of spectra of particle energies, one of the operational parameters of the analyzer has to be scanned to attain sequential arrival of charged particles to a detector from their low to high kinetic energies. Several electrostatic energy analyzers such as parallel-plate energy analyzers, radial cylindrical electrostatic analyzers, cylindrical mirror analyzers, and concentric hemispherical analyzers have been developed and employed in various analytical instruments. Energy resolution is affected by the energy with which particles pass through an analyzer.
