ABSTRACT
Starting with basic concepts, definitions, and terminologies of polymer science, the chapter describes different types of average molecular weights of polymers, theories behind them and experimental methods of determination, different types of polymerization processes (addition, condensation, coordination, and supramolecular), reaction mechanisms and kinetics, industrial methods of polymerization (bulk, solution, suspension, emulsion, and microemulsion), and polymerization reactors (batch-type, plug flow. cascading, etc.). Molecular characteristics and structural shapes of polymer molecules are analyzed, focusing on polymer configurations and conformations with effects on polymer crystallinity and solid state morphology that greatly influence physical and chemical properties of polymer materials. Thermal transitions (glass transition and melting) of polymers and their relation to molecular structure and morphology are rationalized. Viscoelastic behavior, cross-linking effects of polymer chains, polymer solubility and its predictability, as well as effects of corrosives are discussed. Other facets of polymer characteristics including thermal stability, flame retardation and ablation, and thermal, chemical, and radiation degradation are looked into. Chemical methods of stabilization of polymers are explained, focusing on all common polymers, individually. Since without addition of additives (i.e., polymer compounding) polymers are not useful, various additives, namely, fillers, plasticizers, antistatic agents, flame retardants, smoke suppressants, colorants, and antimicrobials are highlighted. Toxicity of plastics is also discussed with focus on plastic devices used in pharmacy, medicines, nanomedicines, drug delivery, and toxicity testing.
