ABSTRACT
This chapter provides a set of tools that allow extracting useful information from those measurements. In common use, the words “probability” and “statistics” are often used interchangeably, but in fact they are two distinct but related branches of mathematics. Mark Twain is credited as saying that there are three kinds of lies: lies, damn lies, and statistics. One of the most common errors in statistics is when a correlation is found between two things: when one goes up, the other always seems to go up or down. Correlations are useful, but often people assume the most obvious causal relationship when a correlation is found. One final point to make is that there are actually two ways of looking at both probability and statistics. There are two general approaches, referred to as frequentism and Bayesianism. Bayesianism is how most humans actually reason intuitively.
