ABSTRACT
Ecosystem goods involve the direct use of materials and resources forming the ecosystem structure, or their use for manufacturing different goods. Ecosystem goods include: (i) inorganic matter (C, N, CO2, H2O, etc.); and (ii) organic matter (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, etc.) produced by plants in both primary production (forming organic matter from inorganic matter), and in secondary production (micro-and macro-organisms consuming primary production). Ecosystem services further include the indirect use of ecosystem structure in modifying the properties of the environment for: (i) reducing the impact of energy in radiation, heat, mechanical forces (wind, snow load and gravity (e.g., landslide)), noise, etc.; (ii) enhancing environmental health by absorbing chemicals and particles from the atmosphere (e.g., air impurities); (iii) enhancing the amenity of the environment and creating a functional environment for different human activities; and (iv) maintaining cultural heritage and maintaining and conserving ecosystem functions and biodiversity.
The sustainable production of goods and services is based on management that controls the ecosystem to function in such a way that it creates structures optimal for producing the desired goods and services. Production [P (i, j)] is based on the interaction between environment [E (j)], and genotype [G (i)]:
