ABSTRACT
This chapter presents an introduction about the structure, design, and tuning of proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controllers. It focuses on to the application of these controllers to the load-frequency control (LFC) problem of single area. The chapter presents the model reduction techniques to facilitate the PID controller design. The PID controller has three principal control effects. The proportional term (P) corresponds to the change of the control effort (u) proportional to the error signal (e). A practical difficulty with PID control design is the lack of industrial standards. As a result, there are many variations of the basic PID algorithm that will substantially improve its tuning, performance, and operation. Ideal PID controller structure is also termed as the standard, parallel, noninteracting or ISA (Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society) controller. Tuning of PID controllers is a critical issue in control system design. In PID controller design, several tasks have to be considered.
