ABSTRACT
Tunnels in rock are being planned, designed and constructed for an increasing variety of plausible and environmentally accepted solutions for infrastructure requirements around the world. Tunnels in rock have been designed and constructed for very specialized purposes including nuclear particle physics research as at European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Switzerland and Stanford University in the United States. Many tunnels in rock have been designed and constructed for multiple purposes including mine access, conveyor access and ventilation/utilities, flood control and traffic such as Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel (SMART) in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and hydropower generation and irrigation. Many urban areas continue to face transportation and stormwater control challenges and therefore an increasing amount of metro/subway and Combined Sewage/Stormwater Overflow (CSO) tunnels are being built in many large cities. The use of underground space, and in particular, the conversion of historical and dormant tunnels is being recognized for new transportation solutions such as bicycle and pedestrian tunnels in many cities.
