ABSTRACT
Vehicles constitute the crucial components of modern industrial life. The ubiquity of cars, vans, sports utility vehicles (SUVs), and trucks for personal and industrial transportation today is the result of an industrial revolution that began in Europe and North America in the nineteenth century-a revolution that privileged the use of internal combustion engines (ICEs) as the primary means of motive power. Yet, the twentieth century witnessed the rise of serious environmental, economic, and social concerns related to greenhouse gases (GHGs) from ICE-powered transportation. These concerns reshaped the manufacturing landscape, forcing automotive manufacturers to rethink the way they designed automobiles. They also recalibrated consumer and public expectations of ef- ciency and sustainability in transportation overall.
