ABSTRACT
Modern cars contain a large number of electronic control units (ECU). For example, the BMW AG 7-series (model 2008) has over 70 ECUs and about 100 diªerent electric motors. ¥e car’s comfort domain has been much improved in recent years. Comfort functions such as electric window li¯ers, electric outside mirrors, central locking, air conditioning, electric seat adjustment, and an electrical sliding roof are common features in today’s cars. In the past, when the number of features was low, the various electrical devices were conventionally wired. However, as the number of features grew, the wiring harness became unmanageable, and the diagnostics for such complex systems became complex. For these reasons, the car manufacturers introduced multiplexed wired communication systems. However, an uncontrolled growth evolved as the various manufacturers developed proprietary protocols for in-vehicle control networks (e.g., BMW AG’s K/I-BUS, Toyota’s BEAN, GM’s Sinebus, and E&C).
