ABSTRACT
Reference ......................................................................7-10 Further Reading ...........................................................7-10 7.2 Controllability and Observability ....................7-11
References ....................................................................7-26
Raymond T. Stefani California State University
William A. Wolovich Brown University
Linear time-invariant systems∗ may be described by either a scalar nth-order linear differential equation with constant coefficients or a coupled set of n first-order linear differential equations with constant coefficients using state variables. The solution in either case may be separated into two components: the zero-state response, found by setting the initial conditions to zero; and zero-input response, found by setting the input to zero. Another division is into the forced response (having the form of the input) and the natural response due to the characteristic polynomial.
