ABSTRACT
Antennas find extensive utilization in communication systems ranging from cellular telephone, television, radio, radar, and numerous other applications. An antenna is designed to launch an electromagnetic signal with desired characteristics; this could be direction of radiation, area of coverage, strength of emission, beamwidth, sidelobe levels, etc. Any metal structure carrying a time varying electrical current will radiate electromagnetic waves as dictated by the well established Maxwell equations. Antennas however are purposefully designed to radiate with certain specified characteristics.
