ABSTRACT
Crystal oscillators were first developed in the early 1920s and have found wide spread application in radio and television communications. Today, these oscillators remain popular in precision frequency applications including timing device circuits and radio frequency filters. The oscillators are typically described as voltage controlled oscillators (VCXOs) or oven controlled oscillators (OCXOs). These devices offer frequency precision and stability over large temperature ranges, exhibiting stability tolerances better than +/−0.005% for sources with over 100-MHz oscillation.
