ABSTRACT
Electromagnetic (EM) wave propagation deals with the transfer of energy or information from one point (a transmitter) to another (a receiver) through the media such as material space, transmission line, and waveguide. It can be described using both theoretical models and practical models based on empirical results. Here we describe the free-space propagation model, path loss models, and the empirical path loss formula. Before presenting these models, we first discuss the theoretical basis and characteristics of EM waves as they propagate through material media.
