ABSTRACT

Ferroelectrics are substances in which a built-in spontaneous polarization, Ps (in units of electrical dipole

moments per unit volume, C-m/m3), exists in a certain range of temperatures and isotropic pressures in

the absence of an external electric field [1]. This spontaneous polarization has two or more orientational

states and can be switched from one state to the other by an external electric field, or in some cases, by a

mechanical stress.