ABSTRACT
Electricity networks cover vast geographic territories. To e¡ectively manage the substation hubs that connect the di¡erent sections of the system, communications networks are used to provide control over the switches, circuit breakers, and other primary equipment that control the ³ow of power in the system. is control can be automated based on predetermined criteria or can be executed based on the manual intervention of controllers. e controllers can be located within the fences of the substation or remotely positioned at a central control house sending control messages across the communications system.
