ABSTRACT
Engineers deal with uncertainty in their work, often with precision and analysis, and probability theory is widely used to model systems in engineering and scientific applications. There are a number of examples of where probability is used in engineering. Centres for disease control need to decide whether to institute massive vaccination or other preventative measures in the face of globally threatening, possibly mutating diseases in humans and animals. System designers must weigh the costs and benefits of measures for reliability and security, such as levels of backups and firewalls, in the face of uncertainty about threats from equipment failures or malicious attackers. Models incorporating probability theory have been developed and are continuously being improved for understanding the brain, gene pools within populations, weather and climate forecasts, microelectronic devices, and imaging systems such as computer aided tomography scan and radar. The electric power grid, including power generating stations, transmission lines, and consumers, is a complex system with many redundancies.
