ABSTRACT
All structures are composed of a number of interconnected elements such as slabs, beams, columns, walls and foundations. Collectively, they enable the internal and external loads acting on the structure to be safely transmitted down to the ground. The actual way that this is achieved is difficult to model and many simplifying, but conservative, assumptions have to be made. For example, the degree of fixity at column and beam ends is usually uncertain but, nevertheless, must be estimated as it significantly affects the internal forces in the element. Furthermore, it is usually assumed that the reaction from one element is a load on the next and that the sequence of load transfer between elements occurs in the order: ceiling/ floor loads to beams to columns to foundations to ground (Fig. 2.1).
