Optimization of rigid frames with P − Δ effects for static and dynamic loads

This chapter is solely developed for rigid frames with emphasis on (1) matrix formulation of stiffness, mass and second-order matrices; (2) eigenvalue formulations; (3) calculations of various gradients; (4) step-by-step procedures for feasible direction optimization; and (5) numerical examples and design results. This chapter is intended to establish a solid foundation for dynamic analysis and mathematical optimization.