ABSTRACT
In this chapter we leave quantum physics and return to circuits
and circuit theory. The effect of tunneling and Coulomb blockade
will be modeled by (parasitic) lumped circuit elements. From a
classical physics and electromagnetic theory point of view using
Maxwell’s equations, the lumped circuit is only an approximation,
as was discussed in Chapter 3. It assumes steady-state currents
or a quasi-static approach. Energy is conserved, and if applied to
circuits that cannot radiate, Kirchhoff’s current and voltage laws
could be obtained. In this chapter concepts of energy in circuit
theory are briefly reviewed that play an important role in analyzing
and synthesizing circuits with tunneling elements. Notations and
definitions are introduced.