ABSTRACT
Abstract ................................................................................................. 207 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................. 208 2.2 Pharmacokinetic Consideration for
Peptide-Mediated Drug Delivery ................................................. 216 2.3 Peptide-Based Drug Delivery: Method of Preparation ................ 219 2.3.1 Design and Synthesis of Peptide .................................... 219 2.3.2 Rational Design .............................................................. 220 2.3.3 Structure Function Relationship ..................................... 220 2.3.4 Computer-Aided Drug Designing .................................. 221 2.3.5 Combinatorial Library Design ....................................... 222 2.3.6 Biological Peptide Library ............................................. 223 2.3.7 Peptide Phage Library .................................................... 223 2.3.8 Synthetic Peptide Library
Requiring Deconvolution ............................................... 224 2.3.9 One Bead One Compound Library ................................ 224 2.3.10 Spatially Addressed Parallel Library .............................. 225 2.3.11 Synthetic Library Method Using
Affinity Chromatography Selection ............................... 226 2.4 Peptide/Polymer Nanoparticle ..................................................... 227 2.4.1 Ionic Gelation Method ................................................... 228 2.4.2 Emulsion Solvent Evaporation Technique ..................... 228
2.4.3 Layer-By-Layer Assembly ............................................. 229 2.4.4 Nanolithography ............................................................. 229 2.4.5 Stober Method ................................................................ 230 2.4.6 Nanoprecipitation (Solvent Diffusion,
Solvent Displacement) ................................................... 231 2.4.7 Chemical Coprecipitation ............................................... 232 2.4.8 Emulsion Diffusion ........................................................ 232 2.4.9 Coacervation Technique ................................................. 233 2.4.10 Salting Out ..................................................................... 233 2.4.11 Interfacial Polymerization .............................................. 234 2.4.12 Solvent Evaporation ....................................................... 234 2.4.13 Surface Functionalization of Gold NPS ......................... 234 2.4.14 Taylor Cone Jet Methods ................................................ 235 2.5 Peptide Polymer Conjugate .......................................................... 235 2.5.1 Criteria for Designing Peptide Polymer Conjugate ....... 235 2.5.2 Strategies for Coupling of Peptide on
the Surface of Nanoparticle ............................................ 236 2.5.2.1 Electrostatic Interaction .................................. 236 2.5.2.2 Direct Interaction ............................................ 238 2.5.2.3 Non-Covalent Coupling of Peptide
and Nanoparticles ............................................ 239 2.5.2.4 Covalent Coupling of Peptide and
Nanoparticles .................................................. 239 2.6 Bioconjugation of Peptide and Protein on Nanoparticles ............ 241 2.6.1 Maleimide Reactions ...................................................... 242 2.6.2 EDC-NHS Bioconjugation ............................................ 243 2.6.3 Affinity Interactions ....................................................... 244 2.6.4 Click Chemistry ............................................................. 245 2.6.5 Streptavidin-Biotin Reaction ......................................... 245 2.7 Peptide-Mediated Targeting ......................................................... 246 2.7.1 Peptide Encapsulating Nanoparticle .............................. 246 2.7.2 Nanocarriers of Peptide and Protein Encapsulant .......... 248
2.7.2.1 Metallic Nanocarriers ...................................... 249 2.7.2.2 Polymeric Nanocarriers ................................... 250 2.7.2.3 Natural Nanocarriers ....................................... 250 2.7.2.4 Synthetic Nanocarriers .................................... 252 2.7.2.5 Protein Itself as Nanoparticles ........................ 255 2.8 Peptide as Ligand ....................................................................... 256 2.8.1 Peptide Nanoconjugate Targeting Cancer ...................... 257 2.8.2 Peptide Targeting Disease Related to
Immune System .............................................................. 268 2.8.3 Peptide Targeting Respiratory System ........................... 269 2.8.4 Peptide Targeting Liver and Pancreases ......................... 271 2.8.5 Peptide Targeting Neurological Disorder ....................... 272 2.8.6 Vascular Targeting Peptide ............................................. 273 2.8.7 Peptide Targeting Ophthalmic Disease .......................... 275 2.8.8 Other ............................................................................... 276 2.9 Non-Peptide Targeting ............................................................... 277 2.9.1 Lectin Mediated Drug Delivery ..................................... 277 2.9.2 Protein as Targeting Agent ............................................. 278 2.9.3 Vitamin as Targeting Ligands ......................................... 281 2.9.4 Nucleic Acid (Aptamers) as Ligand ............................... 282 2.10 Nanoencapsulation Improves the Therapeutic
Importance of Proteins and Peptides .......................................... 282 2.11 The Stability of Nanoencapsulated Peptide and Protein ............ 284 2.12 Therapeutic Use of the Nanoprotein Molecules ........................ 285 2.13 Conclusion ................................................................................. 286 Keywords .............................................................................................. 287 References ............................................................................................. 287
ABSTRACT
Innovations in protein research lead to the more development in peptide drug delivery systems. These amino acids linked compounds are originated
from either natural or synthetic sources. Here we explored the pharmacokinetic consideration, physico-chemical properties, and methods of preparation, conjugates and various therapeutic applications of different types of peptides. Peptide decorated polymeric nanoconjugates with their mechanism of action and specified targeting strategies and biomedical applications are also discussed well.
