ABSTRACT
To keep the systems in your plant operating properly and efficiently, you must understand the basics of hydraulics-the laws of force and motion, among others. As stated previously, most applications of hydraulics in water/wastewater treatment systems involve water in motion-in pipes under pressure or in open channels under the force of gravity. The volume of water flowing past any given point in the pipe or channel per unit time is called the flow rate or discharge-or just flow. The continuity of flow and the continuity equation have already been discussed (see Equation 12.15). Along with the continuity of flow principle and continuity equation, also important to our study of water hydraulics are the law of conservation of energy, piezometric surfaces, and Bernoulli’s theorem (or principle). These important principles are discussed in this chapter.
