ABSTRACT
Some say that all matter has evolved from “the Big Bang,” whereas others insist that “the divine programmer” let the event proceed that particular way or created all matter at once. What really happened, we may never know. We do, however, know that there exist four basic forces acting on matter that probably originated from that particular event: electromagnetic force, gravitational force, and strong and weak nuclear forces acting inside atomic nuclei. Fortunately, we need to be concerned with only the first one since studies on materials rarely encounter the other three forces.
