ABSTRACT
Police organizations and policing in western societies are undergoing profound change (Jones & Newburn, 2002). These changes are reactions to a range of developments, such as the privatization of security, the occurrence of transnational crime and terrorism, and the advances made in technology. Since the early 2000s, and as a result of the economic recession in 2007, one of the principal catalysts for the change has been the drive for police forces to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of their service delivery (Butterfield, Edwards, & Woodall, 2004; Cope, Leishman, & Starie, 1997; den Heyer, 2013a, 2014). To improve police service delivery and to preserve the confidence of the public, governments and police managers have examined alternative methods to maintain and enhance service delivery levels within their existing operational and administrative staffing levels.
