ABSTRACT
The World Health Organization (WHO) determined that today, diabetes is a highprevalence disease and 346 million people were affected worldwide in 2011 (Nadine 2012). WHO also recognized two types of diabetes, namely, type-1 (insulindependent diabetes mellitus, IDDS) and type-2 (non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, NIDDS). IDDS is also known as juvenile onset diabetes, which is caused via an inadequate insulin secretion through β-cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. A recent survey suggested that only 10% of the world’s population is affected by IDDS (Wild et al. 2004). The remaining population is affected by NIDDS, which is not directly related to the insulin hormone. The major causes of NIDDS are reduced insulin sensitivity, insulin resistance, and/or combined with reduced insulin secretion (Mazzone et al. 2008). The factors responsible for NIDDS include a reduced cellular uptake of insulin, increased hepatic gluconeogenesis, impaired β-cell activity, increased glucose absorption from the intestine, and reduced glucose transporter activity (Colberg 2008).
