ABSTRACT
Tower Evaporation Loss Reduction ................................... 357 12.5.4 Dry Cooling ...................................................................................... 358
12.5.4.1 Desiccant Dry Cooling ...................................................... 358 12.5.5 Hybrid Cooling ................................................................................. 359
12.5.5.1 Thermosyphon Hybrid Cooling System ............................ 361 12.5.6 Comparisons ..................................................................................... 361 12.5.7 Other Recent Developments ............................................................. 362
References .............................................................................................................. 362
Manufacturing activities have been a crucial engine for US economy growth since the great recession in 2007-2009. With the steady increase of manufacturing productivity, it contributes to 26% of the total US economic growth and offers 11.8 million jobs, or 9% of total employment in 2011 [1]. Meanwhile, manufacturing accounts for a significant part of the world’s consumption of resources and generation of waste. The energy consumption of manufacturing accounts for nearly a third of today’s global usage, and it is responsible for 36% of global carbon dioxide emissions [2]. The scarcity of resources and environmental problems related to manufacturing triggers a significant paradigm shift from traditional manufacturing, which focused solely on the economic aspects, to a more integrated and holistic framework encompassing environmental and social aspects, such as green manufacturing and sustainable manufacturing.
