ABSTRACT
Pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction is impediment to urinary flow from the renal pelvis to the ureter. It should be considered in a child with intermittent abdominal pain and vomiting. Pyloric stenosis is due to hypertrophy of the pylorus muscle, which obstructs the pyloric lumen and leads to almost complete gastric outlet obstruction. It classically presents with increasingly projectile vomiting in newborns 3–5 weeks of age. Gastro-oesophageal reflux is associated with transient relaxation of the lower oesophageal sphincter. Typical symptoms include regurgitation or spitting up, which occurs in 50% of infants. Cyclical vomiting syndrome is characterised by recurrent, self-limiting, stereotypic episodes of nausea and vomiting. Stereotypical episodes simply mean that the episodes are similar each time in terms of their onset, intensity, duration, frequency and associated signs and symptoms. Pancreatitis is inflammation of the parenchyma of the pancreas and is extremely rare in paediatrics.
