ABSTRACT
Cells have to adapt to any changes in nutrient supply or workload in order to survive and continue performing their cellular function, i.e. to maintain homeostasis.
These adaptations take place at both the cellular and the subcellular levels. We discuss these adaptations with an emphasis on the changes that are important in pathology, and we consider the clinical situations in which they are encountered. The changes that we discuss are: hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, metaplasia, dysplasia and benign neoplasms.
