ABSTRACT
Research on decadal climate variability (DCV) and its predictability began several centuries ago with solar variability, indicated by Sunspot numbers, invoked as the major cause. Since then, front-rank science journals have continued to publish research papers on Sunspot–climate associations well into the 21st century Current Era. In the modern era, thousands of peer-reviewed research papers and many reports have been published on DCV and its predictability. There is much confusion created by labeling variability decadal, interdecadal, or multidecadal without much specificity regarding timescales or oscillation periods of the analyzed or modeled variabilities. These top-down and bottom-up mechanisms have also been hypothesized to explain decadal NAO-NAM variability.
