ABSTRACT
The process of observation disturbs the thing being observed and that disturbance might possibly affect other observations. Heisenberg showed that simultaneous measurements of an electron's position and its momentum interfere with each other and thus induce essential uncertainties into those measurements. Quantum mechanics represents the behavior of electrons around nuclei in terms of mathematical constructs called wave functions, or orbitals, which contain all possible information about the electron. The square of the wave function gives the probability of finding the electron in a given region of space. For mathematical reasons, physicists and chemists almost always use the abstract concept of wavefunctions (orbitals), rather than that of electron probability clouds, to describe electrons. The distribution of probability within a probability cloud is not uniform. For some, the greatest probability is near, or even at, the nucleus
