ABSTRACT
Emphasis on developing or improving alternative pest control tactics has fostered a new philosophy concerning the management of pests—integrated pest management (IPM)—which is based on ecological, sociological, and economic factors. Since IPM philosophy is in continuous transition, it is definable only at specific times. An operational concept of IPM was developed for the Science and Education Administration of the USDA in 1979. IPM research, extension, and instructional programs, underway in every state in the U.S.probably represent the most widely recognized new agricultural program thrust in the world. Some disciplines see pesticides as the dominating control component in IPM; others focus on natural enemies, cultural practices, and host plant resistance. IPM emphasizes a holistic approach. Interactions among pests and pest management activities are critical, and the value of pest management activities is determined increasingly on the basis of economic, ecological, and social considerations.
