ABSTRACT
This chapter explains the methods of application for both solid waste and wastewater which depends on the nature of the specific terrain together with the soil and underlying layers. Solid-waste placements are made either by spreading on the surface or by incorporation into soil. Surface placement is the least expensive method of disposal but has some possible disadvantages: susceptibility to wind and water erosion; attraction to flies, insects, vermin, and rodents; slower biodegradation; less acceptability by society; and less apt to be attenuated by the soil. Recycling of plant nutrients and organic carbon is a natural and necessary process for maximizing the aesthetics and usefulness of the plant and soil ecosystem. In any event, waste disposal and utilization on the land will have some kind of ecological and ecosystem impact. Disposal of strong acids (and caustics) on noncultivated land as a land treatment (utilization) system has a greater chance of acceptability than on cultivated land.
