ABSTRACT
This chapter discusses turbulence models that treat turbulence as a transported property. It discusses two methods that actually attempt to resolve the turbulent fluctuations, either over the entire range of eddy sizes or over the range of eddies that are large enough to have nonuniversal behaviour. The most widely used methods for handling near-wall turbulence are the wall functions and the low-Reynolds number turbulence models. In the low-Reynolds number models, the transport equations for turbulence properties are modified when they are applied near the wall in order to include the anisotropy and damping that are caused by the wall. Low-Re turbulence models are turbulent transport equations that are applicable throughout the boundary layer, including the buffer and viscous sublayers. When these models are used, the nodalization should be sufficiently fine to resolve the boundary layer, including the viscous sublayer. The renormalized group theory refers to a mathematical technique whose aim is to actually derive the turbulence models and their coefficients.
