ABSTRACT
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) is a conceptual model that characterizes and standardizes the communication functions of a telecommunication or computing system without regard to its underlying internal structure and technology. OSI model is standardized by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) with the identification ISO/IEC 7498-1. For both OSI and Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)/Internet Protocol (IP), a layer serves the layer above it and is served by the layer below it. To understand how the TCP/IP protocol stack works, it is important to understand several addresses used at different protocol layers. Media Access Control address of a device is a unique identifier assigned to network interface controllers for communications at the data link layer of a network segment. Addresses can either be Universally Administered Addresses or Locally Administered Addresses. Every computer or device on the Internet must have a unique number assigned to it called the IP address.
