ABSTRACT
Introduction............................................................................................................299 Morphine................................................................................................................300 Tramadol ................................................................................................................300 Fentanyl and Remifentanil ....................................................................................302 Buprenorphine........................................................................................................304 Methadone..............................................................................................................305 Hypotheses for Different Immunopharmacological Profiles of Opioid Drugs .......305 Clinical Relevance of Opioid-Induced Immunosuppression ................................306 Conclusion .............................................................................................................307 References..............................................................................................................307
In the past two decades, the interest in the immune effects of opioid drugs gained significant ground concomitantly with the spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.
