ABSTRACT
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In recent years, there has been significant progress in the development of angiogenesis
inhibitors. Antiangiogenic agents that are currently being developed may be more effective
against solid tumors and less toxic than cytotoxic chemotherapy. As a result of the early
clinical trials of angiogenesis inhibitors, investigators are beginning to appreciate the com-
plexity of targeting angiogenesis and the realization that developing optimal therapeutic
benefit will be more challenging than originally thought. New methods and surrogate markers
are crucial for the successful clinical development of these new drugs. This chapter introduces
methods used to measure the pharmacodynamic effects of angiogenesis inhibitors and
summarizes the clinical data on the development of surrogate markers in serum, plasma,
and urine (Figure 19.1). The next three chapters provide details on the development of
methods and markers for imaging, tissue analysis, and blood-based markers including circu-
lating endothelial cells.
