ABSTRACT
The intricacies and elegant self-organization of tiny elements into well-defined functional architectures
found in nature have been an invaluable source of inspiration for both scientists and engineers. We can
all agree that biological materials have evolved complex structures, yet simple processes, to fit their
purpose of durability, multifaceted functionality, programmability, self-assembly, information process-
ing ability, and biodegradability, all of which surpass the current state-of-the-art of materials industries.
