ABSTRACT
CSE began with studies of control centers in action (Figure 8). These studies
focused on process control settings and, in particular, nuclear power plant control
centers (Figure 4). The Three Mile Island accident in 1979 presented a
“fundamental surprise” (Woods et al., 1994) that triggered international efforts to
re-examine how teams of operators handle these kinds of plant emergencies
(Rasmussen & Rouse, 1981) and to re-design analog control centers using digital technologies in the hope of providing better support for operator work (Woods et
al., 1987).
