ABSTRACT
Oxygen is crucial for plants since their roots require oxygen for respiration to provide energy for the growth of the whole plant. Low-oxygen stress occurs in turfgrass as a result of high water input such as overirrigation or excessive rainfall. In regions where freshwater is readily available, golf courses may be given an excessive amount of water during summer time to prevent drought stress. Excess water in the root environment or compacted soil blocks the transfer of oxygen and other grasses between the soil and the atmosphere; as a result, root injury occurs due to oxygen defi ciency, and the growth and development of the plant is inhibited. Even temporal or short-term oxygen defi ciency can be detrimental to the grass, particularly when temperatures are high. Turfgrass can also suffer from low-oxygen stress without standing water, including poor soil quality with slow drainage, soil compaction, and ice cover. All these factors infl uence grass growth and quality.
