ABSTRACT
Advances.in.technology.have.led.to.increasingly.smaller.levels.of.manipulation.to.achieve.greater. results..As.this.trend.continues,.we.begin.to.approach.the.limits.of.conventional.processes.to.the. point.where.improvements.go.from.small,.to.incremental,.to.significant..In.microelectronics,.the. theoretical. end. of. the. silicon-based. lithographic. process. is. drawing. near,. while. in. material. science.the.need.to.control.characteristics.beyond.the.macroscale.is.becoming.necessary.to.continue. innovating..There.is.an.imminent.need.for.controlled.manipulation.at.the.nanoscale,.and.until.it.is. reliably.achieved,.progress.in.some.arenas.may.plateau..Once.it.is.achieved,.however,.a.new.chapter. in.technical.innovation.will.be.open.
