ABSTRACT
References ........................................................................................................................................ 62
The most commonly used surface spectroscopic techniques are x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS). XPS and UPS are similar techniques and can be grouped under photoemission spectroscopy (PES). All four techniques are used widely for the study of solid surfaces both in fundamental scienti c studies and in applied studies of polymers, ceramics, heterogeneous catalysts, metals and alloys, semiconductors, nanoparticles, biomaterials, etc. They can provide information about composition, chemical state, electronic structure, and geometrical structure. Detailed reviews have been presented previously [1,2].
