ABSTRACT
Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 144 The Dilemmas of Coastal Zone Management: By Whom and for What? ........................ 144 Conservation Versus Restoration ....................................................................................... 145 Top Down Versus Bottom-Up Management ...................................................................... 146 Methods ............................................................................................................................. 146
Pemuteran, Bali, Indonesia ............................................................................................................ 147 History and Social Context of Fisheries ............................................................................ 147 Impacts of Destructive Harvesting .................................................................................... 147 Community Response ........................................................................................................ 148
Kuna Yala, Panama ........................................................................................................................ 151 History and Social Context of Fisheries ............................................................................ 151 Impacts of Overharvesting and Eutrophication ................................................................. 151 Community Response ........................................................................................................ 152
Hatohobei, Palau ............................................................................................................................ 154 History and Social Context of Fisheries ............................................................................ 154 Impacts of Global Climate Change ................................................................................... 155 Community Response ........................................................................................................ 156
Summary: Current Progress and Future Steps .............................................................................. 157 Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................... 158 Literature Cited .............................................................................................................................. 158
The visibly obvious buildup of fish populations has made fishing villages across Indonesia realize that they can grow corals and harvest fish and shellfish, farming reef ecosystems instead of hunting fish and destroying corals. Our workshops are training fishermen, dive shops, university students, and government fisheries agencies in the new methods of reef restoration. In Ukupseni, Panama, the Kuna Indian community has established solar powered Biorock coral nurseries, lobster habitats, and breakwaters to increase habitat for lobster (the economic basis of the region), and to protect their low lying islands from eroding. The Kunas are preparing their own coastal zone management plan to establish lobster hatcheries and create habitats to increase shelter and food for lobsters at all stages of their life cycle. In Palau, GCRA works with the Hatohobei State Government in the most isolated atolls. These islands suffered catastrophic mortality of corals and fish after record high temperatures in 1998 and are undergoing severe erosion. Projects are being planned to grow solar-powered Biorock breakwaters to save the islands and their culture, coral and fisheries habitat, and revive ancient techniques for fish habitat that have not been practiced for generations. The tools for large-scale community-based restoration of coastal marine habitats and fisheries now exist, but their implementation is being blocked by the lack of government policies backing community-based restoration and lack of funding for them from international agencies.
