ABSTRACT
CASRN: 78-83-1; DOT: 1212; DOT label: Combustible liquid; molecular formula: C4H10O; FW: 74.12; RTECS: NP9625000; Merck Index: 12, 5146 Physical state, color, odor, and taste: Clear, colorless, oily liquid with a sweet, musty odor. Burning taste. The average least detectable odor threshold concentration in water at 60 °C was 0.36 mg/L (Alexander et al., 1982). Experimentally determined detection and recognition odor threshold concentrations were 2.0 mg/m3 (660 ppbv) and 5.4 mg/m3 (1.8 ppmv), respectively (Hellman and Small, 1974). An odor threshold concentration of 11 ppbv was reported by Nagata and Takeuchi (1990). Melting point (°C): -72.8 (NIOSH, 1997) Boiling point (°C): 107.90 (Senol, 1998) 107.95 (Martínez-Soria et al., 1999) 108.00 (Lores et al., 1999) Density (g/cm3): 0.80927 at 10.00 °C, 0.80698 at 13.00 °C, 0.80544 at 15.00 °C, 0.80316 at 18.00 °C, 0.80162 at
20.00 °C, 0.79932 at 23.00 °C (Troncoso et al., 2000) 0.79830 at 25.00 °C, 0.79431 at 30.00 °C (Nikam et al., 1998a) 0.7983 at 25.00 °C (Senol, 1998) 0.80568 at 15.00 °C, 0.79742 at 20.00 °C, 0.79029 at 25.00 °C, 0.78220 at 35.00 °C (Martinez et
al., 2000a) 0.79434 at 30.00 °C (Venkatesulu et al., 1996) Diffusivity in water (x 10-5 cm2/sec at 25 °C): 1.08 (quoted, Hayduk and Laudie, 1974) 0.95 (Hao and Leaist, 1996) Dissociation constant, pKa: >14 (Schwarzenbach et al., 1993) Flash point (°C): 28 (NIOSH, 1997) 37 (open cup, Hawley, 1981) Lower explosive limit (%): 1.7 at 51 °C (NIOSH, 1997) Upper explosive limit (%): 10.6 at 95 °C (NIOSH, 1997)
1.511 (quoted, Riddick et al., 1986) Henry’s law constant (x 10-6 atm⋅m3/mol at 25 °C): 18.2 at 25 °C (headspace-SPME, Bartelt, 1997) 12.6 at 25 °C (static headspace-GC, Merk and Riederer, 1997) 9.79 at 25 °C (Snider and Dawson, 1985) 440 at 25 °C (Hakuta et al., 1977) 11.8 at 25 °C (Butler et al., 1935) 26.95 at 25 °C (gas stripping-GC, Shiu and Mackay, 1997) 8.82 at 25 °C (thermodynamic method-GC/UV spectrophotometry, Altschuh et al., 1999) 20.0 at 30.00 °C, 72.2 at 50.00 °C, 133 at 60.00 °C, 216 at 70.00 °C, 330 at 80.00 °C (headspace-
GC, Hovorka et al., 2002) Interfacial tension with water (dyn/cm): 2.0 at 25 °C (Donahue and Bartell, 1952) 1.9 at 25 °C (Murphy et al., 1957) 1.8 at 20 °C (Harkins et al., 1920) 2.16 at 25.00 °C (Fu et al., 2000) Ionization potential (eV): 10.02 (Lias, 1998) Soil organic carbon/water partition coefficient, log Koc: Unavailable because experimental methods for estimation of this parameter for aliphatic alcohols are lacking in the documented literature Octanol/water partition coefficient, log Kow: 0.76 (Hansch and Leo, 1985) 0.83 at 20.0 °C (shake flask-GLC, Collander, 1951) Solubility in organics: Miscible with alcohol and ether (Windholz et al., 1983) Solubility in water: 95,000 mg/L at 18 °C (quoted, Verschueren, 1983) 111 mL/L at 25 °C (residue-volume method, Booth and Everson, 1948) 94.87 g/L at 20 °C (Mackay and Yeun, 1983) 75.6 g/kg at 25 °C (Donahue and Bartell, 1952) 94 g/kg at 25 °C (De Santis et al., 1976) 1.351 M at 18 °C (shake flask-turbidimetric, Fühner, 1924) In wt %: 11.60 at 0 °C, 10.05 at 9.8 °C, 8.84 at 19.7 °C, 7.87 at 30.6 °C, 7.30 at 40.4 °C, 7.08 at
50.1 °C, 7.05 at 60.2 °C, 6.93 at 70.3 °C, 7.31 at 80.5 °C, 7.71 at 90.7 °C (shake flask-GC, Stephenson and Stuart, 1986)
Vapor density: 3.03 g/L at 25 °C, 2.56 (air = 1) Vapor pressure (x 10-3 mmHg): 2.51 at 5.0 °C, 3.79 at 10.0 °C, 5.54 at 15.0 °C, 7.93 at 20.0 °C, 11.3 at 25.0 °C, 16.0 at 30.0 °C,
22.2 at 35.0 °C, 30.2 at 40.0 °C, 40.8 at 45.0 °C, 54.3 at 50.0 °C (Martínez et al., 2003)
Biological. Bridié et al. (1979) reported BOD and COD values of 0.41 and 2.46 g/g using filtered effluent from a biological sanitary waste treatment plant. These values were determined using a standard dilution method at 20 °C for a period of 5 d. When a sewage seed was used in a separate screening test, a BOD value of 1.63 g/g was obtained. Heukelekian and Rand (1955) reported a 5-d BOD value of 1.66 g/g which is 64.0% of the ThOD value of 2.59 g/g. Using the BOD technique to measure biodegradation, the mean 5-d BOD value (mM BOD/mM isobutyl alcohol) and ThOD were 3.92 and 65.3%, respectively (Vaishnav et al., 1987). Chemical/Physical. Isobutyl alcohol will not hydrolyze because it does not have a hydrolyzable functional group (Kollig, 1993). At an influent concentration of 1,000 mg/L, treatment with GAC resulted in an effluent concentration of 581 mg/L. The adsorbability of the carbon used was 84 mg/g carbon (Guisti et al., 1974). Exposure limits: NIOSH REL: TWA 50 ppm (150 mg/m3), IDLH 1,600 ppm; OSHA PEL: TWA 100 ppm (300 mg/m3); ACGIH TLV: TWA 50 ppm (adopted). Symptoms of exposure: Inhalation of vapors may cause eye and throat irritation and headache. Contact with skin may cause cracking (Patnaik, 1992). An irritation concentration of 300.00 mg/m3 in air was reported by Ruth (1986). Toxicity: EC50 (48-h) for first instar Daphnia pulex 1,100 mg/L (Elnabarawy et al., 1986) LC50 (96-h) for Pimephales promelas 1,430 mg/L (Veith et al., 1983). Acute oral LD50 for rats 2,460 mg/kg (quoted, RTECS, 1985). TLm values for brine shrimp after 24 and 48 h of exposure were 1,000 and 600 mg/L, respectively (Price et al., 1974). Source: A product of whiskey fermentation (quoted, Verschueren, 1983). Isobutyl alcohol also occurs in tea leaves and java cintronella plants (Duke, 1992). Uses: Preparation of esters for the flavoring industry; solvent for plastics, textiles, oils, perfumes, paint, printing inks; and varnish removers; intermediate for amino coating resins; antiicing additive in gasoline; additive in deicing fluids, polishes, and cleaners; liquid chromatography; fluorometric determinations; in organic synthesis.
