ABSTRACT
Environmental risk managers have limited range of options that are determined by legal and
regulatory constraints and by practical constraints. For example, a US EPA remedial project
manager for a Superfund site may mandate a variety of remedial actions, such as removal or
capping of contaminated soil, but cannot order the purchase and protection or restoration of
replacement ecosystems. Practical constraints include monetary limitations; public accept-
ance; and limitations of the available science and technology for remediation, restoration, or
treatment. Within those constraints, the management options considered should be those that
could potentially achieve the management goals. These options must include not only
environmental goals but also human health goals and socioeconomic goals.
