ABSTRACT

YA ‡\›A gJ YA !A…g‡g_‡ QAdA…!A: \bp!2‡ YA\… _\JA\bA \d YA !\…8 YA\… A!‡A gJ …Abg–!_ )™ 2g__A2\gd :A–\2A‡8 !d: YA\… J!A —YAd \dY!_A:u !…QA p!…\2_A‡ r‡A–A…!_ b\2…gbAA…‡ \d ‡\›As ‡A_A g” z”\2^_™ —YA…A!‡ ‡”)b\2…gd p!…\2_A‡ …Ab!\d !\…)g…dA Jg… _gdQ pA…\g:‡u Abg–!_ p…g2A‡‡A‡ \d2_”:A ‡A:\bAd!\gd8 \bp!2\gd8 !d: :\JJ”‡\gdu !…QA p!…\2_A‡ !…A bg…A A!‡\_™ …Abg–A: )™ ‡A:\bAd!\gd !d: \bp!2\gd !d: –A…™ ‡b!__ p!…\2_A‡ r9œuj 6bs !…A …Abg–A: )™ :\JJ”‡\gdu YA bg‡ :\JK2”_ p!…\2_A ‡\›A g …Abg–A \‡ !…g”d: œu‘ 6bu YA Lœ pg\d rp!…\2_A :\!bAA… ! —Y\2Y Lœt gJ YA p!…\2_A‡ —\__ AdA…s \‡ ‡Yg—d )A_g— Jg… p!…\2_A‡ Y! AdA… YA )g:™7

!A…g‡g_ ‡\›A :\‡…\)”\gd‡ Y!–A )AAd bA!‡”…A: )gY \d p_!d‡eEj“ !d: :\…A2_™ \d :”2—g…^ J…gb b!2Y\d\dQ 2AdA…‡uj‘EjL \›A :\‡…\)”\gd‡ J…gb !\… ‡!bp_\dQ \d —g b!2Y\d\dQ p_!d‡ !…A ‡Yg—d \d \Q”…A j‹u“ !d: \Q”…A j‹u‘ )A_g—7 YA K…‡ ”‡\dQ ! ‡g_”)_A g\_ Jg… b!2Y\d\dQ !d: YA ‡A2gd: ”‡\dQ ! ‡…!\QY g\_ Jg… Q…\d:\dQu YA ‡…!\QY g\_ p…g:”2A: ! ‡gbA—Y! _!…QA… !A…g‡g_ —\Y ! b!‡‡ bA:\!d :\!bAA… r8 YA :\!bAA… ! —Y\2Y Y!_J YA b!‡‡ \‡ gd _!…QA… :…gp_A‡ !d: Y!_J gd ‡b!__A…s gJ OuB 6b 2gbp!…A: g ‘ue 6b J…gb YA —!A…[)!‡A: M”\:u !…QA… :…gp‡ !…A g )A A˜pA2A:

dY!_!)_A p!…\2_A‡ Lœ h jœœ 6b !…\2_A‡ Y! AdA… YA dg‡A Yg…!2\2 p!…\2_A‡ Lœ h jœ 6b !…\2_A‡ Y! pAdA…!A \dg _”dQ‡ A‡p\…!)_A p!…\2_A‡ Lœ h O 6b !…\2_A‡ Y! pAdA…!A g :AAp _”dQ‡

8 )” p!…\2”_!…_™ ‡…!\QY g\_‡8 ‡gbA\bA‡ ‡Yg— !dgYA… p!…\2_A ‡\›A bg:A8 )A_\A–A: g …A‡”_ J…gb YA A–!pg…!\gd gJ M”\: !d: YAd …A2gd:Ad‡!\gd \dg –A…™ ‡b!__ :…gp_A‡u \Q”…A j‹uO ‡Yg—‡ ! p!…\2_A ‡\›A :\‡…\)”\gd J…gb Y\QY[‡pAA: Q…\d:\dQ —\Y ! ‡…!\QY g\_u d !::\\gd g YA bg:A )A—AAd j !d: jœ 6b !‡ ‡AAd !)g–A8 !dgYA… ‡\›A bg:A !ppA!…‡ )A—AAd œuj !d: j 6b8 —Y\2Y 2!d )A !…\)”A: g YA A–!pg…!\gd gJ M”\: …A‡”_\dQ J…gb YA Y\QY Q…\d:\dQ AbpA…!”…A‡ Jg__g—A: )™ …A2gd:Ad‡!\gd !‡ KdA p!…\2_A‡ _A‡‡ Y!d j 6b \d :\!bAA…u

\‡ …AQ”_!\gd‡ pA…!\d\dQ g \d:gg… !\… Y!–A )AAd ”d:A… …A–\A— Jg… g–A… ! :A2!:Au \d2A …AQ”_!\gd‡ !…A 2gd\d”g”‡_™ )A\dQ bg:\KA:8 YA \dJg…b!\gd \d Y\‡ 2Y!pA… …Ap…A‡Ad‡ YA ‡\”!\gd

Y!‡ ! pA…b\‡‡\)_A A˜pg‡”…A _\b\ rs gJ L bQŒb‘ Jg… b\dA…!_ g\_ b\‡ \d YA !\…8 !–A…!QA: g–A… !d B[Y pA…\g:u YA™ !_‡g Y!–A ! d”\‡!d2A :”‡ gJ jL !d: L bQŒb‘ Jg… g!_ !d: …A‡p\…!)_A p!…\2”_!A b!A…8 …A‡pA2\–A_™u YA d\A: ”g g…^A…‡ rs pA\\gdA: \d jee‘ g A‡!)_\‡Y ! dA— b\‡ ‡!d:!…:

gJ œuL bQŒb‘ Jg… bA!_—g…^\dQ M”\:8 …AQ!…:_A‡‡ gJ YA b\dA…!_ g\_ 2gdAdu d …A‡pgd‡A g YA pA\\gd g 8 YA !\gd!_ d‡\”A Jg… 22”p!\gd!_ !JA™ !d: A!_Y r s \‡‡”A: ! …\A…\! Jg… ! A2gbbAd:A: !d:!…:7 22”p!\gd!_ ˜pg‡”…A g A!_—g…^\dQ _”\:‡ \d jeeB8 —YA…A YA™ \d2_”:A: ! …A2gbbAd:A: A˜pg‡”…A _A–A_ rs gJ œuL bQŒb‘ gJ g!_ bA!_—g…^\dQ M”\: !A…g‡g_ g… œuO bQŒb‘ gJ bA!_—g…^\dQ M”\: !A…g‡g_ bAA\dQ YA Yg…!2\2 p!…\2”_!A ‡\›A :AKd\\gdu Jg…bA: ! !d:!…:‡ :–\‡g…™ gbb\AA \d jeeŠ Y! !_‡g …A2gbbAd:A: \d YA\… Kd!_ …Apg… ! _g—A… A˜pg‡”…A ‡!d:!…: Y! —g”_: !pp_™ g !__ 2gbpgdAd‡ gJ YA bA!_—g…^\dQ M”\: !A…g‡g_uj‹ g—A–A…8 g :!A Y!‡ 2gd2Ad…!A: gd \d2…A!‡\dQ !—!…AdA‡‡ gJ Qgg: bA!_—g…^\dQ M”\: b!d!QAbAd …!YA… Y!d _g—A…\dQ YA b\‡ ‡!d:!…:u d A2Ab)A… gJ “œœO8 \‡‡”A: ! _AA… g YA ‡!\dQ Y! YA…A —!‡ \d‡”JK2\Ad ‡2\Ad\K2 \dJg…b!\gd g ]”‡\J™ ! ‡Ap!…!A bA!_—g…^\dQ M”\: ‡!d:!…: ! Y\‡ \bAu A!d—Y\_A8 YA bA…\2!d g”d2\_ gJ g–A…dbAd!_ d:”‡…\!_ ™Q\Ad\‡‡ r s K_A: !

g\2A gJ dAd:A: Y!dQA€ \d “œœj !d: p…gpg‡A: _g—A…\dQ YA Y…A‡Yg_: _\b\ –!_”A[\bA[ —A\QYA: !–A…!QA rœ[s Jg… b\dA…!_ g\_ b\‡‡ J…gb L g œu“ bQŒb‘8 !d: !‡‡\Qd\dQ b\‡‡ YA :A‡\Qd!\gd gJ ”‡pA2A: ”b!d !…2\dgQAd8 “u Y\‡ :A‡\Qd!\gd 2g”_: …\QQA… Y!›!…: dg\K2![ \gd8 A˜…! …!\d\dQ8 A2u \d –!…\g”‡ ‡!A‡ g… d!\gd‡u 2”……Ad_™ Y!‡ YA QAdA…!_ 2!AQg…™ gJ bA!_—g…^\dQ M”\:‡ gd YA\… _\‡ gJ b!A…\!_‡ ”d:A… ‡”:™ !d: b!™ \‡‡”A ! \d YA J””…Au AQA!)_A g\_ b\‡‡ !…A …AQ”_!A: ! Y\QYA… _A–A_‡ gJ jL bQŒb‘ !‡ ! )™ !d:

! jœ bQŒb‘ !‡ ! œ[ )™ u gbA ‡!A‡ !_‡g Y!–A …AQ”_!\gd‡ pA…\dAd g b\‡ _A–A_‡u \2Y\Q!d r s Y!‡ !

…AQ”_!\gd Y! 2_A!dA: p…g2A‡‡ !\… J…gb _g2!_ A˜Y!”‡ –Ad\_!\gd ‡™‡Ab‡ 2!d gd_™ )A …A2\…2”_!A: )!2^ \dg YA p_!d \J YA 2gd2Ad…!\gd‡ gJ 2gd!b\d!d‡ !…A _A‡‡ Y!d jœt gJ YA …AQ”_!A: –!_”A‡ !d: YA p_!d \‡ ‡”pp_\A: —\Y ! b\d\b”b gJ j 2JbŒJ“ gJ g”‡\:A !\…u \… J…gb b\‡ 2g__A2g…‡ \‡ …A2\…2”_!A: )!2^ \dg p_!d !\… \d b!d™ p_!d‡u J !\… \‡ …A2\…2”_!A:8 YA b\dA…!_ g\_ 2gdAd gJ YA b\‡ ‡Yg”_: )A _A‡‡ Y!d œuL bQŒb‘ rjœt gJ L bQŒb‘s8 YA g!_ !A…g‡g_ ‡Yg”_: )A _A‡‡ Y!d juL bQŒb‘8 !d: YA …A‡p\…!)_A !A…g‡g_ _A–A_ ‡Yg”_: )A _A‡‡ Y!d œuL bQŒb‘u ……A‡pA2\–A gJ _A–A_‡ ‡A )™ g… 8 b!d™ 2gbp!d\A‡ Y!–A dAQg\!A: —\Y _!)g…

!d A˜pg‡”…A Q”\:A_\dA gJ j bQŒb‘ Jg… bA!_—g…^\dQ M”\: —\Y A˜\‡\dQ gpA…!\gd‡ !d: ! 2gbb\bAd g p”…2Y!‡A dA— Az”\pbAd Y! —g”_: bAA ! œuL[bQŒb‘[p”…2Y!‡A ‡pA2\K2!\gdu g…^A… A˜pg‡”…A 2gd2Ad…!\gd‡ !…A )!‡A: gd bA!‡”…AbAd‡ b!:A —\Y K_A… 2!‡‡AA‡ —g…d )™ p_!d pA…‡gddA_ g–A… YA 2g”…‡A gJ !d B[Y ‡Y\Ju !‡‡ \‡ :AA…b\dA: Q…!–\bA…\2!__™ !d: b!™ \d2_”:A g\_ b\‡ !‡ —A__ !‡ gYA… !A…g‡g_‡8 ‡”2Y !‡ bA!__\2 :”‡ J…gb b!2Y\d\dQu d ‡gbA \d‡!d2A‡8 A˜…!2\gd bAYg:‡ !…A Abp_g™A: g \bp…g–A YA ‡pA2\K2\™ gJ YA bA!‡”…AbAd‡u ”…\dQ ”‡A8 ‡g_\: g… _\z”\: p!…\2_A‡ !…A Ab\A: \dg YA !\… rb\‡s8 )” Q!‡A‡ !…A !_‡g

Ab\A:8 —Y\2Y !…A …AJA……A: g !‡ u g …AQ”_!\gd‡ …A_!A g g!_ u g—A–A…8 gdA ‡pA2\K2 g…Q!d\2 2gbpg”d:8 Jg…b!_:AY™:A8 b!™ )A !d \‡‡”A \d p_!d‡ ”‡\dQ u g…b!_:AY™:A \‡ ! pgAd\!_Œ‡”‡pA2A: Y”b!d 2!…2\dgQAd Y! b!™ )A …A_A!‡A: J…gb ‡gbA )\g2\:A‡8 ‡”2Y !‡ …\!›\dA‡ !d: g˜!›g_\:\dA‡uj‹ _Yg”QY \ \‡ ”d_\^A_™ Y! YA gJ œuŠL ppb Jg… Jg…b!_:AY™:A —g”_: )A A˜2AA:A: :”A g ”‡A8 \ \‡ pg‡‡\)_A Y! YA …!\d\dQ _A–A_ gJ œuj ppb —g”_: )A A˜2AA:A:u J A˜2AA:A:8 YA Jg…b!_:AY™:A ‡!d:!…: …!\d\dQ p…g2A:”…A‡ —g”_: dAA: g )A \bp_AbAdA: Jg… Abp_g™AA‡ r“e jejœujœOBsu