ABSTRACT
A formidable challenge is determining the preferential-ow pathways of near-surface water. A traditional approach involves installing monitoring-well networks, which may be inadequate due to the invasive act of coring and subsequent sampling. Physical probing into the subsurface may compromise delicate pathway integrity and distort matrix ow. Furthermore, improper or insufcient well-layout patterns will produce spatial sampling errors, as the true morphological complexity of the subsurface may have been misperceived or oversimplied.
