ABSTRACT
This chapter describes the art of sample preparation, including the sampling, extraction, purification, and preconcentration processes necessary before conducting speciation analysis of metal ions in the natural samples. Sample preparation is an essential requirement before starting speciation analysis. Useful samples can be composed that may significantly improve the analytical results. In the case of environmental sample collection, the sampling strategy includes the selection of sampling sites, type of samples, sample container, volume collection, sample handling, transportation, preservation, and storage. Air samples are collected into balloons, cylinders, canisters, and glass traps. In water sampling, techniques vary depending on the nature of metal ion species and the types of water. Investigations made on sediment and soil mainly reported fractionation rather than speciation. Sample preparation from solid environmental and biological samples has been an active area in analytical science.
