ABSTRACT
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Making devices small has long had engineering, scientific, and esthetic motivations.
John Harrison’s quest1 to make a small (e.g., hand-sized) chronometer in the 1700s
for nautical navigation was motivated by the desire to have an accurate time-keeping
instrument that was insensitive to temperature, humidity, and motion. A small chron-
ometer could meet these objectives and allow for multiple instruments on a ship for
redundancy and error averaging. The drive toward miniaturization of various mech-
anical and electrical devices advanced over the years, but in the 1950s several key
events occurred that would motivate development at an increased pace.
