ABSTRACT
Electrokinetic Transport ..................................................................... 265 8.3 Electrophoretic Techniques ................................................................ 270
8.3.1 Free Zone Capillary Electrophoresis ...................................... 270 8.3.2 Isotachophoresis ...................................................................... 278 8.3.3 Isoelectric Focusing ................................................................ 281 8.3.4 Affinity Capillary Electrophoresis.......................................... 284 8.3.5 Capillary Gel Electrophoresis................................................. 287
8.4 Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography........................................... 289 8.5 Capillary Electrochromatography ...................................................... 296 8.6 More Dimensional Separations .......................................................... 307 References.................................................................................................... 311
The effectiveness of a chemical analysis method is generally measured by
five figures of merit: sensitivity, limit of detection, accuracy, precision, and
throughput or speed of analysis. While the name suggests that portability
or size is the driving force, lab-on-a-chip, or micro total analysis systems
(m-TAS), science and technology is driven by the belief that miniaturization of (primarily) separation techniques will lead to an improvement in these
figures of merit. Widmer et al. first outlined how different separation and
detection methods scale down [1]. This led to the proposal of miniaturizing
and integrating sample introduction, separation, and detection, elevating a
separation technique to a quasicontinuous generic chemical sensor [1]. Manz
et al. first reported capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) in open channels
etched in a glass chip in 1992 [2, 3]. However, it was the demonstration of the
on-chip baseline separation of two fluorescent dyes within 150 msec by
Jacobson et al. that best illustrates the impact of lab-on-a-chip technology
on chemical analysis [4].
